Oligospermia is a condition where the sperm count is less than 15 million per ml. According to WHO criteria, the sperm count should be around 16 million per ml. When the sperm count is low, a good number of sperms or an adequate number of sperm cannot reach the egg at the time of ovulation, which makes the natural conception process difficult. In addition to the low sperm count, many times, there are also associated issues with sperm quality, which may prevent a pregnancy.
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Causes of oligospermia
There are various causes which can impact the sperm count.
– Varicocele: Enlarged veins in a man’s scrotum are called varicocele. It is seen in about 40% of men. In this condition, due to excessive blood flow through the scrotum, the sperm count is affected.
– Other causes like trauma, injury in the scrotal region during childhood. Infections like mumps infection in childhood or a current infection like a Sexually Transmitted Infection or a urinary tract infection can affect the sperm count.
– Work environment: The sperm count for certain people working in environments that expose them to very high temperatures, like chefs or people working in factories or industries, can be affected. Persistent exposure or inhalation of chemical solvents can also have an effect on sperm count.
– Genetics: Genetic conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or cystic fibrosis have been known to cause low sperm count in men.
Medical disorders: Taking drugs such as testosterone, antibiotics or chemotherapeutic drugs, can also have an impact on sperm count.
– Obesity: Excess body weight can affect sperm production.
– Hormonal Imbalance: The brain and testicles produce several hormones that are responsible for ejaculation and sperm production. An imbalance in any of these may lower the sperm count.
– Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse.
Lifestyle changes to improve sperm count
Maintain a healthy weight: Achieving and maintaining an optimal Body Mass Index (BMI) through a balanced diet is crucial for sperm health. A diet rich in protein and nutrients and low in calories and carbohydrates, promotes good sperm health.
Consume foods high in vitamins C and E, such as kiwi, oranges, nuts, and fish (for non-vegetarians). Avoid excessive intake of supplements as improper intake can be harmful. Also, ensure adequate vitamin D intake through sunlight exposure, as many foods do not naturally contain sufficient amounts. Consider supplements if vitamin D levels are exceptionally low.
Prioritize quality sleep: Adequate and quality sleep helps reduce stress levels and influences sperm parameters.
Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity boosts metabolism, enhances testosterone levels, and promotes overall health, indirectly improving fertility.
Modify work environment: If your job involves prolonged exposure to heat or machinery, consider changing your role to minimize heat exposure. It is important to take regular breaks and short walks, especially if you have a sedentary job.
Manage stress: Practicing yoga and pranayama can reduce stress levels. Take some time out to go out with family and friends to avoid work stress. This is one way of minimizing stress levels
Quit smoking and tobacco: Smoking and tobacco use introduce harmful chemicals and toxins into the testes, negatively impacting sperm generation. If trying for pregnancy, consider quitting these habits.
Medications: Only take over-the-counter medications with a doctor’s recommendation and guidance.
Individuals with medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or thyroid disorders should consult their physician to manage their conditions effectively. It is also important to discuss potential medication impacts on sperm quality and work with their doctor to switch to safer alternatives.
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Fertility tests to diagnose oligospermia
Semen Analysis
Undergo a semen analysis at a reputable fertility center with experienced andrologists who can provide standardized results.If no sperm is observed in the semen analysis, a urine analysis may be recommended to investigate retrograde ejaculation i.e ejaculation happening in the opposite direction and going into the urine
Hormonal Evaluation
In cases of suspected hormonal issues, physicians may order tests to assess thyroid levels or hormone levels such as FSH, LH, or testosterone, Sperm DNA fragmentation test for sperm quality. A scrotal ultrasound may also be suggested based on consultation with a doctor and genetic evaluations may be necessary if genetic issues are suspected.
About the Author: Dr Priyanka Rani is a Consultant at Garbhagudi IVF Centre. All views/opinions expressed in the article are of the author.